Ritual In West Kalimantan

As the meeting point of different traditions in the world, Indonesia has a diversearchipelago system of local values​​, articulated in rituals and ceremonies. According toBig Indonesian Dictionary, rites or rituals associated with the procedure in a religious ceremony or something believed. He was in touch with the spiritual aspects of the local community. Traditional rituals are generally intended to serve social needs, especiallyspiritual aspects of society and / or local custom entities.

A number of traditional rituals are often performed in various areas. He is typically doneon certain days, such as planting or harvesting season, clean the village, offering float,nyadran and others. Usually people bring "gifts" to the sacred places. Led by theirtraditional elders carrying out certain rituals that sometimes form TAYYEBAH readingsentences, and those that are coupled with spells and prayers on the application of safety "ruler" of the region.

In addition, some things related to the traditional rule, customary law, and so we also putthe entry of traditional cultural ritual

Nyobeng

Category:

Ritual

Cultural Element:

Ritual

Province:

West Kalimantan

Origin:

Kampung Sebujit

Ritual Nyobeng; Bathing headhunting The Human Skull

Nyobeng from various references merupan a ritual bath or cleaning the human skull by the headhunting ancestors. This was done by the Dayak Bidayuh tribe, one of the Dayak sub-tribes in Kampung Sebujit, District Siding, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan.

Headhunting was decapitated human head, and skull preserved. Now, the tradition of headhunting is not done anymore. The ceremony was quite moving, and lasted for three days. Starting on 15 until June 17.

Its main activities namely, bathing skull stored in a custom home. According to the rules of trust from generation to generation. Began welcoming guests in the village limits.Initially, this was done to welcome the members of the group who came from headhunting. Greeters, wearing a sash of red cloth decorated with beads of animal teeth.Equipped with chopsticks and destroyed the gun sounded, when the invited guests about to enter the village boundary. Chopsticks are also raised simultaneously.

Burst from the gun destroyed, it is also useful to call the ancestral spirits as well as asking for permission for the implementation of Nyobeng ritual. Then traditional elders threw the dog into the air. With the saber, the chairman of the party guests must slash. If still alive, should be cut with a saber once fell to the ground. The procession of the same is true for the chicken. Traditional elders threw eggs to the group of guests. If the egg is not broken, then the guests are not considered genuine. Conversely, if broken, it means that guests come with sincerity.

White and yellow rice was thrown while reciting mantras. The girls then serve wine from a mixed mimic tree bark pakak dried. After drinking, the group escorted guest house Balug, in the middle of the township.

Balug homes are custom homes and houses on stilts in the form of a round. To enter this house, made steps made of slats of trees. The width is approximately 10 meters with a height of 15 meters from the ground.

When you sign in place of the ceremony, the delegation was given a splash of water that has been given a mantra by anjuang leaf, which serves as a starting reinforcements. The goal, so guests avoid disaster. When entering the area of ​​the ceremony, guests must tread gourd fruit placed in a basin which is better known as pepasan ritual.

Together with residents, guests then danced around the house while Mamiamis dance tradition. Mamiamis, is a dance to welcome and honor the defenders of ancestral lands, newly arrived from headhunting. Indigenous Elders while accompanied by singing songs and spells.

Traditional elders ride home Balug. Simlog was beaten and firecrackers sounded. The goal is to call the spirits of ancestors, and also as a sign of the commencement ceremony Nyobeng. Followed by a meal together at home Balug. Lauknya, pork rice with fish. Tolerance is also high. For Muslims, provided special diet rather than pork. Meal, guests should leave the area of ​​custom homes.

The choices can rest home residents. At rest, the majority of men in the area through the forest to find the bamboo forest. Some tens of centimeters in diameter.

Same time, every home makes offerings are smeared with the blood of a chicken wing. It also sprinkled chicken blood to parts of the house and grounds are considered sacred.

After that the family and the guests returned to the custom house. After the bamboo forest to look for, the men carried him to the custom house in a gang. By holding the line with a saber surrounded by bamboo.

Carried saber is a family heirloom. Decoration on the hilt of the saber is made of bone or wood. Decoration, as a symbol of the meaning and the specific achievements of the holders of saber in headhunting. Preparation. Chairman customary to signal start of activity. One step forward, opening of the holster while slashing saber saber to a bamboo rod.

In a single slash, breaking bamboo. This success, is a good sign, according to public confidence. After the show was cut bamboo. The spirit was summoned by the head of customs.

The goal is to present and have asked permission to start protecting Nyobeng.Traditional elders then, up the houses on stilts. Seven kinds of offerings will be placed in the village limits. Then, the box is located on the pinnacle of custom homes that are stored inside a necklace of human skulls and boar tusks, taken by the traditional elders and rubbed his hands with a special potion.

Then topical application on the skull that is in the box. The next chairman of the custom slaughter a chicken hinga his head off. Chicken heads and drops of blood is applied to the skull. The skull is inserted again in the box and stored. The event was followed by cutting off a dog.

The blood that wiped out the poles of traditional houses, small houses, and statues of men and women who are in addition to the traditional house and sculpture. Houses and statues are regarded as the origin of their ancestors. Cutting the dog is intended to reject the evil spirits. Most of the new dog meat is cut and then taken to the custom house.

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Ritual In West Java

As the meeting point of different traditions in the world, Indonesia has a diversearchipelago system of local values​​, articulated in rituals and ceremonies. According toBig Indonesian Dictionary, rites or rituals associated with the procedure in a religious ceremony or something believed. He was in touch with the spiritual aspects of the local community. Traditional rituals are generally intended to serve social needs, especiallyspiritual aspects of society and / or local custom entities.

A number of traditional rituals are often performed in various areas. He is typically doneon certain days, such as planting or harvesting season, clean the village, offering float,nyadran and others. Usually people bring "gifts" to the sacred places. Led by theirtraditional elders carrying out certain rituals that sometimes form TAYYEBAH readingsentences, and those that are coupled with spells and prayers on the application of safety "ruler" of the region.

In addition, some things related to the traditional rule, customary law, and so we also putthe entry of traditional cultural ritual

"EARTH NGERTAKEUN LAMBA"-Mapag Sasih Kapitu Suryakala-

Category:

Ceremony

Cultural Element:

Ritual

Province:

West Java

Origin:

London

TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES Sundanese culture (NUSANTARA - SABUANA)

"EARTH NGERTAKEUN LAMBA"-mapag sasih kapitu suryakala-

Ngertakeun Lamba earth, that the welfare of the Earth Life Nature, as mandated by the King Siliwangi 1482-1521M, in Sanghyang Kanda'ng Karesian Torment. This ceremony as a form of indigenous local knowledge in dealing with the natural human urge to change his attitude towards the environment, by trying to get back to more prudent in treating it as has been done by the ancestors of long ago.

Earth Ngertakeun Lamba ceremony is a ceremony to run Kasepuhan message (parent custom) from Kanekes, which left 3 (three) Mount, as Pakualam (to be treated as an important sanctuary for indigenous people who recognize him Urang Bandung), namely Mount Tangkuban Parahu, Mount Wayang and Mount Gede as a 'Kabuyutan' (source of water, food or even fathers). Core of the ceremony is to thank and remind everyone that the sanctity of the mountain is the main source of creatures around the volcano. Mount is pakuan earth in this universe. Mount a source of spiritual and moral values ​​that underlie the behavior of civilized mankind on earth. As the name attached to the Mount Sunda Tangkuban Parahu (Ancient Kancana Parahyangan). Thus the annual ceremony was conducted at the summit of Mount Tangkuban Parahu. Coincide with the sun just starting the journey back from the north to the south of the earth, that in every month 'kapitu' (month 7), in a matter of suryakala, when ider (calendar) Sundanese.

Together to express worship to which has given life to deliver to diverse ways of beauty, a sense of sacrifice, the earth, chanting mantras, sacred music and dance .. Which is a ritual process and form of expression of gratitude will be carried out by indigenous communities in the Peak Ceremony "EARTH NGERTAKEUN LAMBA" as one of the space that was created to share and give thanks to the Almighty.

Earth Ngertakeun Lamba ceremony usually involves the Local Indigenous Community (Indonesia), and International. Some of the local indigenous communities that are commonly present among other Kanekes indigenous communities (Bedouins) - Banten, Dayak Sagandu - Indramayu, Rancakalong - Sumedang, Cicalengka & Majalaya - Bandung, Cirendeu - Cimahi, Nagara Banceuy - Subang, and from various regions in Indonesia such as from Borneo, Bali, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and others.

This ceremony is open to all those who still believe in the divinity and humanity of the road "Sunda Wiwitan" (within the meaning universal). That is, those who fought for the land-water to maintain and run all the heritage of spiritual values, cultivation Ceremony "EARTH NGERTAKEUN LAMBA" mapag sasih kapitu suryakala character of his ancestors, so free from the bulkhead or the differences in characteristics as well as those who believe in the light of love inherent in an open personality. Where the sight and taste, it can come together to worship together in harmony in diversity hyang (without being limited, ethnicity, race, nationality, religion, language, manner and other features).

AMIT MIPIT Ngala historian

Prior to the implementation of the Earth Ceremony Ngertakeun Lamba, who performed at the Mount as a symbol of Linga, the procession will be made in advance Amit Mipit Ngala historian, to be conducted in Sagara (Ocean) as a symbol of Yoni. Linga Yoni is an inseparable pair. Amit Mipit be done in two places, namely at the Port of Queen Sagara - Sukabumi and Sagara Sancang - Pamempeuk Garut.

Basically there is not anything we use or do without the other manifestations which first became a part of something. Fruit of the tree, the water from the river, clearing her "residents". Consciousness, as a man virtuous character, we must first ask the sincerity of the "owner" is, as an expression of the inherent sense of God's love with His creation.That is the essence of the cultural historian Ngala Mipit Amit, who has bequeathed to us all the Sundanese ancestors.

Procession MAPAH

Earth Ngertakeun Lamba ceremony will be attended by the old-fashioned Kanekes (Bedouins) who came specially to be a witness to this event. They are the Elders or the old-fashioned Ngabaratakeun Telungpuluh Telu Nagara (penance to maintain sustainability of the Universe).

Comes with a procession of old-fashioned Kanekes Mapah, Sundanese language term which means to walk from London as far Kanekes 275 KM.

This trip has a very deep meaning spiritually, where a very long distance will be reached on foot as fast behavior in others and unique forms of indigenous Kanekes.

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Ritual Central Java

As the meeting point of different traditions in the world, Indonesia has a diversearchipelago system of local values​​, articulated in rituals and ceremonies. According toBig Indonesian Dictionary, rites or rituals associated with the procedure in a religious ceremony or something believed. He was in touch with the spiritual aspects of the local community. Traditional rituals are generally intended to serve social needs, especiallyspiritual aspects of society and / or local custom entities.

A number of traditional rituals are often performed in various areas. He is typically doneon certain days, such as planting or harvesting season, clean the village, offering float,nyadran and others. Usually people bring "gifts" to the sacred places. Led by theirtraditional elders carrying out certain rituals that sometimes form TAYYEBAH readingsentences, and those that are coupled with spells and prayers on the application of safety "ruler" of the region.

In addition, some things related to the traditional rule, customary law, and so we also putthe entry of traditional cultural ritual

Yaqowiyyu (apem distribution)

category:

ritual

Cultural Element:

ritual

province:

Central Java

origin:

Klaten

In Jatinom every month Sapar in Islamic Javanese calendar or held "DISTRIBUTIONapem" or Yaqowiyyu. This tradition is carried on a Friday in the month Sapar near thegreat mosque Jatinom. Jatinom ordinary people to make this moment as an eventbersilahturahmi to relatives, so it can be said to be Lebarannya Jatinom people. At that time, any home made ​​cakes apem, which later served to the guests.

This tradition supposedly originated from the story of Ki Ageng Gribig who would like to give pastry apem his students, but the numbers are only slightly so to be fair it was throwninto the cake apem students to share.

Of Jatinom you can view the volcano and the parallel Merbabu. In the district thereJatinom underground springs are cold and clear, which can be used for bathing. In addition, you can see a row of caves that are situated near the river. Cave there was nostalaktitnya. The cave is usually crowded in Sapar

Ruwatan

category:
ritual
Cultural Element:
ritual
province:
Central Java

Ruwatan is one event / ritual that aims to rid yourself of sukerto (congenital problem orunlucky).




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Ritual In East Java

JAWA TIMUR

As the meeting point of different traditions in the world, Indonesia has a diversearchipelago system of local values​​, articulated in rituals and ceremonies. According toBig Indonesian Dictionary, rites or rituals associated with the procedure in a religious ceremony or something believed. He was in touch with the spiritual aspects of the local community. Traditional rituals are generally intended to serve social needs, especiallyspiritual aspects of society and / or local custom entities.

A number of traditional rituals are often performed in various areas. He is typically doneon certain days, such as planting or harvesting season, clean the village, offering float,nyadran and others. Usually people bring "gifts" to the sacred places. Led by theirtraditional elders carrying out certain rituals that sometimes form TAYYEBAH readingsentences, and those that are coupled with spells and prayers on the application of safety "ruler" of the region.

In addition, some things related to the traditional rule, customary law, and so we also putthe entry of traditional cultural ritual.

KOLAK AYAM

Category:

Tradition

Cultural Element:

Ritual

Province:

East Java

Origin:

Gresik

The spread of Islam since many centuries ago to the country we not only bring confidence, ritual and religious practice, but also gives the soul, style and color in our nation's culture. When Islam developed in the homeland, from the outset he would not necessarily reject a priori the local cultural community that has been developed previously. Thus the lives of Muslims everywhere always contain aspects of globality and locality aspects as well.

If we look at, the propagator of Islam in this country in the span of the history of its development has tremendous wisdom. They have a very high cultural awareness. Culture and customs of local communities so that they meet not only challenged and removed. In fact they were able to encourage the birth of acculturation folk culture (Indonesia) Islam is a typical breath. Distinctiveness that will appear on the diversity of cultural expressions in the form of community traditions that have deep-rooted and lasting a long time ago until now.

One example of the traditional feast of chicken in the mosque Goemeno compote which is located in the Village District Gumeno Manyar Gresik regency of East Java. The portrayal of this tradition and I quote again from the book concise Doeloe Grissee Tempo, Publisher Gresik regency government in 2004. Happy reading.

Chicken Party event at Masjid Goemeno compote nuanced religious Gresik held on each date of 23 Ramadan (fasting month) or â € œmalem patlikurâ €? (The night of the twenty-four). And has been going on for hundreds of years since the first event in 1451 AD. On that date the village has a tradition of cooking compote Gumeno chicken or œsanggringâ there called â € €?.

This tradition began when a Muslim missionaries, Sunan Dalem his name, came to the village Gumeno with the intention of proselytizing. He pioneered the establishment of a mosque in 1451 AD in the village. The mosque is now known as Jamia Masjid € ™ Sunan Dalem.

After working hard and preparing for the township establish a new mosque in the village, Sunan Dalem suddenly fell ill. He ordered residents who had recently moved and became santrinya to find drugs. However, after every effort has been made, the pain does not go away. Finally, through the gaibâ œsesuatu â € €? Sunan Dalem received inspiration for his illness could be cured.

On the right moementum, Sunan Dalem them intelligently finally ordered the crowd gathered at the mosque with a rooster. Then commanded to kill all the roosters that had been collected.

To some men also were ordered to prepare the spices are blended into recipes by Sunan Dalem. Spice blends include red onion sliced ​​into small pieces, brown sugar, cumin and coconut milk. To the citizens of Sunan Dalem announced that he was making Sanggring recipes, which are nothing but chicken compote.

Chicken that has been cut and has been weeded, just meat alone, â € œdisuwir-suwirâ €? as the â € œnyuwiriâ €? chicken meat to soup. The next recipe chicken and processed using a clay pot and burning of wood materials. Tradition up to now, only men are in preparation and processing of chicken compote.

While waiting sanggring or chicken cooked compote, Sunan Dalem ordered residents to return home. Since that time the citizens of the Muslim fasting month was ordered returned to the mosque in the afternoon when breaking the fast with the rice and sticky rice.

Sure enough, the evening was the exact date of 23 Ramadan, Sunan Dalem together people break their fast at the mosque Gumeno with a special menu of chicken that is sanggring or compote. So if there are events open with, it could be following in the footsteps that have been done by residents Gumeno Dalem Sunan.

After breaking the fast together with a menu of chicken Sunan Dalem compote and then announced that he recovered from his illness. However, Sunan Dalem still say that his recovery is nothing but blessings and guidance of Allah SWT inayah.

As an expression of gratitude to the citizens of Sunan Dalem intestate Village Gumeno to each date of 23 Ramadan, which is usually called the â € œmalem patlikurâ €?, In order to make the compote ditradisikan chicken. Thus since the first event of the year 1451 AD until the chicken has always celebrated the tradition compote villagers Gumeno District Manyar Gresik regency. 

PASAR BANDENG

Category:

Tradition

Cultural Element:

Ritual

Province:

East Java

Origin:

Gresik

One more tradition Walisongo heritage which is still preserved. That tradition of milkfish Market held in downtown Gresik. This tradition was first held by the Sunan Giri to raise local people's economy. Two of the nine Walisongo Islamic missionaries who are in Gresik are very influential in building a culture of public order Gresik. Both are Sheikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim, and Raden Paku or Sunan Giri. Through the trade, Ainul Yaqin, a small name Sunan Giri do daa € ™ wah to the public. At that time, Sunan Giri in the 15th century began to help the economy of society in a way to process and market agricultural products. Until now, people still preserve the heritage Gresik Sunan Giri is by making and selling cakes and organizing Pudak Milkfish Market.

Milkfish market presence to greet the day of Eid. Thus, on the day of Eid comes, almost the whole town eating Gresik main menu with a variety of processed milk. Thus, the farmers continue to be membudiadayakan milkfish ponds bandengnya. And on the other hand, people can enjoy the fruits of the earth Gresik wealth of the region. Operation Market Milkfish Gresik Government is in addition to preserving the tradition, as well as to support the economic independence of Gresik. As we all know that, Gresik regency was in the northern coastal areas bordering the Lamongan, and some areas adjacent to Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Surabaya. Geographical location makes the area a good area Gresik for milkfish and shrimp ponds. Milkfish and shrimp aquaculture has become a living part of the citizens of Gresik, particularly in the area near the northern coast. Thus, if we are combing the path to Lamongan pantura of Gresik, as far as the eye could see was Bandengan and shrimp ponds that we see.

Milkfish market held on the last two nights before the night takbiran. Various sizes of banding with a weight of size weighing a few ounces to more 9Kg/ekor sold here. To further enliven the atmosphere of the market and give encouragement to farmers milkfish, milkfish held the biggest auction. This auction was held at the opening of markets on the first day of milkfish. Regarding this year's winner of the auction, Haidar, one of the sellers banding said, â € œBandeng largest weighing 9Kg purchased by Gus Ipul worth Rp 5 million people belong Mengare, Bungahâ €?. According to local residents, it is recognized that good comes of milkfish Mengare, District Bungah, Gresik regency.Because Mengare location adjacent to the beach so milk does not contain the smell of the soil, in other words more palatable.

Not all milk sold for the same price, the buyer should be smart and a bit fussy bargain prices. Price banding allowed to compete in accordance with the provisions of the market, there are allowed to sell at low prices, sell more expensive than the other sellers were disilahkan. The larger the size of the banding, the more expensive the price perkilonya. For example, milk is purchased by Halimah, visitors who come all the way from his home in Mojokerto. Halimah buy 7 tail banding, 5 of which are bought with a price Rp.30.000/Kg because the weight of 1.2 kg of milk the price of milk is Rp.35.000/ekor. Another with the other two tail banding, Rp.75.000/Kg prices because then the weight of 2 Kg milk milk price is Rp.150.000/ekor. Thus, it is not the same price banding perkilo, depending on the weight per cow milk. Similarly, because the greater the milk taste more delicious and tasty. To process the large size of the milkfish, Halimah usually just boil milk with garlic seasoning, salt, and turmeric, dipped and eaten with chili paste.

There is a separate prestige for the people who celebrate Eid Gresik city with a large milkfish menu treats. It was like, not celebrate Eid when there is no banding treats at home. Size determines the amount of milk as well as prestige for a family. But this does not cause significant gap between local residents, only if it is able to buy milk in a large measure of what's wrong. But if it is able to buy milk with a small size does not matter why, the important dishes are available on the day of banding Muslims celebrate this victory.

You can be sure that the flow velocity on the eve of this Milkfish market reach hundreds of million rupiah. Because on the eve of Eid Gresik this entire community and surrounding areas flooded in the market for the shopping needs of a variety of widths. In addition there are 80 stalls are provided exclusively for milk sellers, some of the other stalls are provided for general goods vendor. So, people can buy vegetables, clothing, sandals and shoes, toys, and various other needs. And must not be forgotten when visiting Market Gresik Milkfish adala stopped krawu rice stall, Gresik's famous cuisine with spicy sauce. After a walk and get a great bass at a low price, then completed with a meal of rice with side dishes of beef krawu and bowel. Then go home with full stomachs and happy hearts to welcome echoes resounding victory Takbir.

TATA PEMERINTAHAN MAJAPAHIT

Category:RitualCultural Element:RitualProvince:East JavaOrigin:East JavaMajapahit is a maritime power, located in East Java and is believed to have become one of the largest empire in the archipelago by the Indonesian territory covering from the 13th century until the 16th century.I. RegionMajapahit region is divided into two groups:- Bhumi Majapahit: capital of Majapahit.- Provincial center: a set of administrative regions of the royal family. At the beginning of the 14th century, Majapahit has 11 central provinces, namely Daha, Wengker, Matahun, Lasem, Pajang, Paguhan, Kahuripan, Singasari, Mataram, Wirabumi and Pawanuhan.- Provincial Abroad: outside area located outside of Majapahit Java. The area has its own administration under the supervision of Majapahit army. In general, the province Abroad consists of two regions, namely Melay peninsula and Sumatra, Tanjung State, Tumasik and the area east of the island of Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian.II. Government bureaucracyMajapahit government system has two levels:· The Central Governmento King.o Bathara Sapta King: the royal family institution that gave advice to the King. These institutions led by the King himself and family members came from the king, as the mother of the king, and the provincial center of Majapahit.o Rakyan Mahamentri Kartini: ministerial council responsible for running the empire and oversee the king's command. The Council is composed of three ministers of the kingdom, namely: Rakriyan Mahamentri I halu, Rakriyan Mahamentri I Hino and Rakriyan Mahamentri I Sirikan.o Pasangguhan: the position of honor for special purposes. There are two Pasangguhan during the regime of Raden Wijaya, namely Arya and Arya Nayapati Pranaraja.Panca Ri o Wilwatikta: executive council of the kingdom. The Council is chaired by Mahapatih Hamangkubumi as prime minister and four ministers aided the kingdom, namely: Rakriyan demung (head of internal affairs), Rakriyan Kanuruhan (head of the affairs of the royal protocol and the quality of governance), Rakriyan Rangga (head of logistics and weaponry) and Rakriyan Tumenggung (head of affairs keamaan). The Council is also coordinating several royal officers, among other PatiPati Arya, Arya Wangsaprana, Arya Rajapati, Rajaparakrama Arya, Arya Suradhiraja, Rajhadikara Arya, Arya and Arya Dhiraja Dewaraja.o Interpreting the foundation: military ministry appointed as commander of the armed forces of the Majapahit kingdom.o Ambassador of the Kingdom: royal official who oversees the area far Majapahit.o Court of the KingdomMajapahit judicial institutions are based on two major religions, namely Shiva and Buddha. Head of each trial is Dharma Ring Dyaksa Kasiwaan or High Court law and Hindu Shiva Dharma Ring Dyaksa Kasogatan sebgai High Court Buddhist law. Both were assisted by the institution which represents 5 Sapta Uppapati Pepati Hindu and Buddhist Pepati 2.· Local Governmento Bhre: Chief of the Province.Panca ri o Province: Council is responsible to govern the structure of Majapahit in the same area with the institutional power of the central executive in Majapahit. In his role, the council is directly under the authority of Panca ri Wilwatikta in central government.o In a hierarchical, there are four levels of government in each province. Heads of local governments to the lowest, the district officer, Akuwu, and Buyut (village heads).References:A. Darban, AA., (1998)., Count of the Majapahit Bureaucratic Structure., Journal of Humanities2. Purwadi., (2006)., State Administration System Majapahit., Vol.3 numbers Journal Constitution December 4, 20063. Hermanislamet, Mariah., (2002)., Spatial Arrangement of the Majapahit Kingdom., Volume 26 No. Engineering Forum March 1, 20064. Muljana, Slamet., (2006)., Commentary History Negarakertagama., LKIS., November 20065. Noorduyn, J., (1978)., Majapahit in the Fifteenth Century., Http://www.kitlv-journals.nl6. Suwarno, PJ, (1993)., The nation's cultural Pancasila Indonesia: Pancasila Research7. Historical approach, Philosophical and Socio-juridical State, New York: Canisius Publishers, 1993.

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